Battery material minerals (hereafter referred to as “battery minerals”) are part of the newly defined critical minerals for new energy internationally. They encompass the core minerals required in the manufacturing process of lithium-ion batteries, which primarily involve metallic minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, as well as non-metallic minerals like phosphorus, boron, and graphite. Starting from the resource distribution, mineral endowment, and exploration potential of battery minerals, this paper analyzes the consumption trends and supply-demand patterns based on supply and demand data, and proposes rationalized suggestions for ensuring the secure and stable supply of battery minerals. The research indicates: (1) The overall reserves of battery minerals are abundant, but their spatial distribution is uneven. (2) The global supply side of battery minerals exhibits trends of scarcity, concentration, and dispersion. The largest supplying countries are Australia (37% of lithium supply), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (76% of cobalt supply), Indonesia (59% of nickel supply), South Africa (37% of manganese supply), China (46% of phosphorus supply and 79% of graphite supply), and Turkey (74% of boron supply). China faces a situation where the total demand for battery minerals is high (accounting for over 50% of global demand for all except boron) but proven resource reserves are limited. Furthermore, China’s external dependence is high (exceeding 80% for cobalt, nickel, and manganese), and its supply channels are relatively concentrated (99% of cobalt imports come from the Democratic Republic of the Congo). (3) The genetic types of global battery mineral deposits and the main supply types are diverse. In contrast, the genetic types of battery mineral deposits in China are relatively singular, and its primary supply types differ from the global pattern. (4) As the demand for battery minerals continues to rise, measures such as intensifying mineral exploration, securing the global supply system, improving development and utilization technologies, and encouraging resource recycling are urgently needed.